Is matter around us pure 9th cbse notes and video links

Is matter around us is pure

Definition

Solution is homogeneous mixture of solute and solvent

properties.of solution

1.solution is homogeneous
2.smaller then 1nm
3.cannit be seen with naked eye
4.dont scatter light
5.path of light is not visible
6.solute particles cannot be filtered
7.they do not settle down also

Examples
1.sugar water
2.salt water brine
3.lemon juice
3.aerated drinks
4.air

Solution has
Solute which is less
Solvent which is more im quantity

Types of solutions
1.satutated
Correct amount of solute is present

2.unsatitayed solution
Less amount of solute is present

3.super saturated solution
More amount of solute is present
More caan be mixed by heating solution.
But when cooled
All the extra solute sites down

Concentration of solution
1.mass by mass percentage
Mass of solute ×100/mass of solution

2.mass by volume percentage
Mass of solute x100/volume of solution

3.molarity
Moles of solute/volume of solution in lts

4.solubilty
Mass of solulute x100 /mass of solvent

Numericals to practice

1.0.5 g of salt is dissolved in 25 g of water. Calculate the percentage amount of the salt in the solution.

2.A solution of urea in water contains 16 grams of it in 120 grams of solution. Find out the mass percentage of the solution
.
3.A solution has been prepared by mixing 5.6 mL of alcohol with 75 mL of water. Calculate the percentage (by volume) of alcohol in the solution.

.mass by mass numericals

1.A solution contains 50gms of sugar in 350 gms of water .find mass by mass percentage of solution

2.a solution is prepared by mixing 15gms of NaCl in 200 gms of water find mass by mass percentage of NaCl in solution

3.65 gms of glucose mixed in 435 gms of wqter .calculate mass by mass percentage

4.how much water should be added to get 15gms of salt to get 15% solution

5.sugar syrup of .ass 214.2 g has 34.2 gms of sugar .calculate concentration of sugar in syrup

6.36 gms of NaCl is mixed in 100gms of water .find concentration. Of NaCl

7.how much water should be mixed with 12 ml of alcohol so as to obtain 12% of alcohol solution

8.what mass of potassium nitrates is needed to produce 40% saturated solution of potassium nitrates mixed in 200 gms of water

9.what mass of water is needed to produce 20 % of saturated solution of 50gms of sugar

10.what mass of salt is needed to produce saturated solution of 30% salt solution of 120 gms of water.

11.A solution contains 60gms of sugar in 360 gms of water .find mass by mass percentage of solution

12.A solution contains 70gms of salt in 280gms of water .find mass by mass percentage of solution

13.A solution contains 80gms of baking soda in 400 gms of water .find mass by mass percentage of solution

14.A solution contains 90gms of lime in 340 gms of water .find mass by mass percentage of solution

15.A solution contains 10gms of starch in 240 gms of water .find mass by mass percentage of solution

16.A solution contains 20gms of sugar in 380gms of water .find mass by mass percentage of solution

17.A solution contains 30gms of saltr in 370 gms of water .find mass by mass percentage of solution

18.A solution contains 40gms of na2co3 in 560gms of water .find mass by mass percentage of solution

19.A solution contains 50gms of kno3 in 150gms of water .find mass by mass percentage of solution

20.A solution contains 60gms of caso4 in 740 gms of water .find mass by mass percentage of solution

Volume by volume percentage

1.10 ml of h2so4 is dissolved in 90 ml of water .calculate concentration of h2so4 in water

2..20 ml of h2so4 is dissolved in 180 ml of water .calculate concentration of h2so4 in water

3..30 ml of h2so4 is dissolved in 270ml of water .calculate concentration of h2so4 in water

4..40ml of h2so4 is dissolved in 360ml of water .calculate concentration of h2so4 in water

5..50 ml of h2so4 is dissolved in 450 ml of water .calculate concentration of h2so4 in water

6..60ml of h2so4 is dissolved in 540 ml of water .calculate concentration of h2so4 in water

7..70 ml of h2so4 is dissolved in 630 ml of water .calculate concentration of h2so4 in water

8..80 ml of h2so4 is dissolved in 720ml of water .calculate concentration of h2so4 in water

9..90ml of h2so4 is dissolved in 810ml of water .calculate concentration of h2so4 in water

10..100 ml of h2so4 is dissolved in 200ml of water .calculate concentration of h2so4 in water

Solubility numericals

1.find solubility of 20 gms of salt mixed in 80 gms of water

2..find solubility of 30 gms of salt mixed in 70 gms of water

3..find solubility of 40 gms of salt mixed in 160gms of water

4..find solubility of 50 gms of salt mixed in 350 gms of water

5..find solubility of 25gms of salt mixed in 250gms of water

6..find solubility of 35 gms of salt mixed in 865gms of water

7..find solubility of 20 gms of salt mixed in 180 gms of water

8..find solubility of 30 gms of salt mixed in 520gms of water

9..find solubility of 20 gms of salt mixed in 430 gms of water

10..find solubility of 90 gms of salt mixed in 610 gms of water

Solutions

1..find molarity of NaOH present in 90gms
In 500ml solution

2.find number of molarity of
132 gms of CO2 in 200 ml of solution
68 gms of NH3 in 250 ml of solution
72 gms of H2O in 500 ml
252 gms of HNO3 in 750 ml
24.5 gms of H2SO4 in 1500 ml
196 gms of H3P04 in 2000 ml
45 gms of C6H12O6 in 5000 ml
684 gms of C12H22O11 in 200 ml
92 gms if C2H5OH in 250 ml
15Gms of CH3COOH in 500 ml
171 gms of AL2(SO4)3 in 400 ml
148 gms of NAHCO3 in 2000 ml
229 gms of KCLO3 in 200 ml
284gms of NA2SO4 in 250 ml
39 gms of AL(OH)3 in 500 ml
1590 gms of (NH4)3PO4 in 1000 ml
312 gms of AL2O3 in 200 ml
288gms of NaALO2 in 250 ml
97 gms of H2S208 in 500 ml
229 gms of KClO3 in 100 ml
292.5 gms of NaCl in 200 ml
4gms of So2 in 250 ml
96 gms o f CH4 in 500 ml
210gms of C2H6 in 750 ml
39 gms of C6H6 in 2000 ml
51gms of Na3AlF6 in 500 ml
370gms of Ca(OH)2 in 2000 ml
530 gms of Na2Co3 in 250 ml
610 gms of MgSo4 in 100ml
150gms of Mg3N2 in 1000ml
1310 gms of Mg3(Po4)2 in 200 ml
71 gms of P2O5 in 500ml
47.5 gms of MgCl2 in 1500 ml

Suspension

A suspension is heterogenous mixture in which solute particles do not dissolve but remain suspended through out the bulk of the medium

It is non homogeneous

Solids are dispersed in liquids

Properties of suspensions

1.They are heterogenous

2.particles can be seen with naked eye

3.they scatter light

4.particles get suspended when left undisturbed

5.they can be separated by filtration

Examples of Suspension

Muddy water.

Milk of magnesia.

Sand particles suspended in water.

Flour in water.

Slaked lime for whitewashing.

Paints in which dyes are suspended in turpentine oil.

Paint (Use of suspension)

Mud or muddy water, is where soil, clay, or silt particles are suspended in water.

Flour suspended in water.

Fog water suspended in air.

Chalk powder suspended in water.

Dust particles suspended in air.


Colloids

Particles of colloid are uniformly spread

They are smaller then suspension particles

Due to smaller size if particles

It appears to be homogenous

But actually they are heterogenous

We cannt see with naked eye

Pqrticles scattered light

Effe r is called Tyndall effect

Tyndall effect examples

Fine hole light coming

Fog

Dark qcnopy of forest

Mist in the forest also sxatter light

Properties

Heterogenous

Particles are not big

So don't settle down

But can scatter light

Can't see with naked eye

Can't be separated by filtration

The components of colloid s
Are dispersed phase
Dispersion medium

Solute =dispersed aprticles
Solvent= dispersing medium

Types of colloids

Aerosols
Phase liquid
Medium gas
Egs fog,cloud,mist

Aerosol
Phase solid
Medium gas
Egs.smoke ,automobile exhaust

Foam
Gas in liquid
Shaving cream

Emulsion
Liquid in liquid
Milk and face cream

Sol
Solid in liquid
Milk of magnesia and mud

Foam
Gas in solid
Foam,rubber,sponge,pumice

Gel
Liquid in solid
Jelly cheese butter

Solid sol
Solid in solid
Colured gem stone ,milky glass

Separation of mixtures

1.evoparation

This method is used to separate solute from solvent

Like eg.
Salt from sea water
Ink dyes from ink
Etc

Sea water is subjected to heat in sunlight
Water gets evaporated
Leaving behind salt

Ink is put in watch glass
Mix some water
Heat it
Water gets evaporated leaving
Behind ink dye

Blue Copper suplate becomes white as it looses water of crystallization on heating by evaporation

Drying any food item is also a method of evoparation in sunlight

https://youtu.be/FQLJpmmj3V8

Centrifugation

This is used to separate insoluble materials from liquid

The principle is denser particles are forced to bottom and lighter particles stay at top
When spun rapidly

Eg
In Washing machine to squeeze water from wet clothes

Cream from milk

In diagnostic labs for blood and urine samples

https://youtu.be/3Gz7tAjUOlA

Separating funnel

To separate mixture of two immiscile liquids

The principle is immiscibel liquids separate out in layers depending on their densities

https://youtu.be/ex6IOX7OXOY

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Golgi apparatus

First described by Golgi

It is a system of membrane bound veicles arranged parallel to each other in stacks called cisterns

Draw small figures which i showed in video

They are often connected to endoplqmisc reticulated

They pack,store,modify,dispatch various material formed in cell

To inside and outside of cell

Functions are
Storing materials
Packaging
Modifying
Dispatching
Sometimes making lysosomes
Some times convers simple sugars to complex sugars
Like glucose to starch

Video link

https://youtu.be/tF85FTqWSPg

Lysosomes

Lysosome are membrane bound cell organlees filled with powerful digestive enzymes

These enzymes are made in rough endoplasmic reticulum

They are so powerful that they can break even complex organic matter

Lysosmes are waste disposal of cell and makes the cell clean

They engulf foreign materials,bacteria,food,worn out cells

When cell is about to die

Lysosomes burst and digest its own cell also

That why lysosoems are called suicidal bags of cell

Pls draw simple figure


Vacuoles

Vacuoles are storage sacs of cell

Animals they are small
Plants they are big

Vacuoles are filled with cell sap

Gives turgidity and rigidity shape and structure to cell

They store some important substances like
Amino acids
Sugars
Protiens
Orgqnic acids

In single cell organisms
Vacuoles help  in osmo regulation

Osmoregulqtion means maintainence of water and salt levels in body

Draw figure must

Mitochondria
1.mitochondriq is called power house of cell

2.because it produces energy in the foem of ATP

3.ATP is called energy currency of cell

4.ATP is adenosine tri phosphate

5.ATP id used for doing metabolic activities

6.it has 2 membranes

7.outside layer is porous

8.inner layer is folded

9.folds increases surface area of production of ATP

10.mitochondria has its own DNA and its own ribosome

11.pls draw diagram whether asked or not see in video

Plastids

1.plastids are present only in paint cell

2.palstids are of 2 types
Chromoplasts
Leucoplasts

3.chromoplqsts are colored plastics

4.lecoplasts are colorless or white plastics

5.leucoplasts stores amino acids, protiens etc

6.chloroplast is type of plastid green in color

7.green colour is due to chlorophyll pigment

8.pigment has capacity to trap sunlight

9.trapping sunlight prepare glucose by photosynthesis

10.during photosynthesis co2 is absorbed and prepares glucose which converts to carbohydrates

11.chloroplast also have its own DNA and ribosome

12.pls draw diagram whether asked or not

Endiplasmic reticulum

1.endoplasmic reticulum is network of membrane bound sheets

2.they are round ,tubular,vehicular

3.they are having same composition as of plasma membrane

4.there are 2 types of endopqlmic rer they are rough and smooth

5.rough endoplamic reticulm is rough because ribosome are attached to it

6. As they have ribosome rer helps in making protiens

7.and these protiens goes to all parts using endo reti

8.smooth are smooth as they don't have anything attached to it

9.they help in preparation of lipids or fats

10 these lipids and proteins of rer both used in making cell membrane

11.and process is called membrane biogenesis

12.ser also often helps in detoxification in liver

13.on whole
Er functions are
Transport
Network
Frame work
Membrane biogenesis
Metabolic activities
Harmones syntheais
Enzymes synthesis
And so on

14.try to draw figures as explained in video

15.video link

https://youtu.be/wCiGkP-Jfbc

Nucleus

1.nucleus has double membrane porous layer

2.inside nucleus has nucleoplasm

3.chromatin reticulum entangled network is present

4.when cell is about to divide chro.qtin changes to chromosomes

5.chromosmes have DNA in it

6.DNA has genes in it

7.genes are units of inheritance

8.genes help in transferring character from parents to offspring

9.all the metabolic activities are under control of nucleus

10.in prokaryots nuclear wall is absent

11.all contents of nucleus are freely. Floating in cell

12.the nucleus of prokarypts are called as nucleoids

13.pls draw figure to explain as I did in video

14.video link

https://youtu.be/W5qGjsVUzPE

CELL WALL

1.plant cells only have cell wall

2.cell wall is made of cellulose

3.cellulose is complex carbohydrate which gives mechanical strength and support to plant

4.loosing water and shrinking of cell is called palsmolysis

5.gaining water and bulging is called turgidity

6.cell wall protects cell during turgidd conditions from bursting

7.so plant cell resists more than animal cell as they don't have cell wall

Plasma membrane 

1.plama membrane is selectively permeable

2.made of lipids proteins

3.endoplamic reticulum helps in synthesis of plasma membrane 

4.process if it's formation is called membrane biogenesis 

5.plamam membrane is common in animal and plant cells.

6.inside plasma membrane pritoplasm is present

Video link of this 

https://youtu.be/YF2JPPW0lEI

NATURAL RESOURCES 9TH CBSE NOTES

Natural resources 9th cbse

Earth is the only planet life sustains

Because earth has some important resources

Like light ,air,water,land

All living organisms depends on air light ,water

Portion of land on earth is called lithosphere

Portion of earth where water is present is called hydrosphere

Blanket of air covering earth is called atmosphere

The 3 life sustaining zones lithosphere hydrosphere and atmosphere is called biosphere

Biosphere has so many ecosystems

Ecosystem is place where biotic and abiotic factors interact with each other

Biotic components are plants animals and microorganisms

Abiotic components are air water land light etc

AIR

Air is mixture of gases

Gases in air are major nitrogen78% then oxygen21%

Remaining all are less then 1 percent

Where as in Venus and Mars 95%co2 is present

On earth it is very less because of plants absorb co2 and prepare glucose

Even marine animals consume co2 and prepare their shells

Lofe forms have mkdifies percentages of games in air

Air is insulator

Means bad conductor of heat

So air acts as a blanket on earth and maintains earth temperature steadily

In winter we use blankets because blankets have tiny pores which trap air and acts as a insulator making us feel cozy

As outer air come come inside and inside can't go outside so heat is trapped inside blanket ans we feel warm and cozy in winter with blanket

ATMOSPHERE IN CLIMATE CONTROL

Atmosphere act as blanket and maintains globe temperature

As sun rays fall on earth most of them reflect back

Atmosphere allows some rays to go back and some do not

That is how our earth temperature is regulated

But if pollution increases. Somehow co2 level increase and may trap more heat resulting on global warming that we will study later

Best example of atmosphere controlling temperature is land and sea breeze

Sea breeze

Day time land will become hot

Hot air rises up

Air from sea moves to land

It is called sea breeze

Thats why it will be very sultry and more humidity in coastal areas

Full day they sweat

Land breeze

Water has GREATER HEATING CAPACITY

Means it takes long time for heating or cooling water

By evening wqter becomes hot

Now air on water rises up

Air from land moves towards sea

This is called land breeze

So water takes long time to heat up or become cold as it has greater heating capacity

14.1 activity
Heat sand and water keeping in sunlight and put thermometer
After one hour nite down there temperatures
It will show that sand is more hot then water
Showing that water takes long time to get heated up
Because it has greater heating capacity

14.3 activity
See any smoke or fire
You will see it always goes up
Its because hot air blows up
As on heating
Molecules go far
It becomes lighter
Hence moves up
By conventional current

Movement of air winds

Water vapor is formed due to heating of water bodies

And also due to activities of living organisms

Atmosphere also gets heated up due to radiation of reflected rays

After heating conevctionl air is set up in the air

Always hot air moves up we saw in q4.2 activity

Similarly hot air above land and air rrises up

But land gets heated up faster then wqter

So in coastal areas morning we will see sea breeze

At night we see land breeze

Movement of air is called wind

Movement of wind occurs due to difference in heating of land by sun.

Apart from difference in heating other factors also effect movement of winds

Like
Rotation of earth
Presence of mountains
Eg of Himalayas

RAIN
14.3 activity
When air with very high content of water vapor moves from high pressure reguon to low pressure region or vivmce versa

Water gets heated during day

Lot of water gets converted to water vapor

Water vapor goes into air

Some other vapor is collected due to activities of living organisms

This air also get heated up

Hot air rises up with water vapor

As air rises it expands and cool down

On cooling water vapor becomes into droplets

This water drop will surround some dust or some other particles

Which form as nucleus like dust

Once water droplets are formed

They keep growing by condensation

When they grow heavy and big

They fall down as rain

When the temperature of air is low enough
Precipitation or snow fall may also occur

Rainfall patterns are decided by prevailing wind patterns

In India we may get rains by south west or north east monsoons

We also heard that depression in bay if Bengal

AIR POLLUTION

Fossil fuels contain small amounts of nitrogen and sulphur in them

When they are burnt there oxides enter into atmospheres

And they amy also react with rain and fall on earth as acid rain

When we inhale them also they are dangerous

Fossil fuel burning not only liberates this nitrogen and oxygen they also liberate suspended particles in air

Like carbon unburnt particles ask is formed in air

High levels of there hydrocarbons in air is very dangerous

Visibility decreases and even in cold countries fog smog may form

Accidents may also occur

Regular breathing of this polluted air may increase allergies. Cancer and skin diseases

So
Increase in harmful content in the air is called as air pollution

Increase in air pollution. In atmosphere leads to acid rains and allergies

Even carbon monoxide is also dangerous

As it enter into brain reacting with haemoglobin

Water
Water is present 78 % on land underground also present ,glaciers and even in our bodies

Even some water is in the form of water vapor in the atmosphere

Even though 78 percent is there most of the water is in ocenas and seas which is saline marine and salt water

Fresh water is only present in glaciers,underground and in rivers,lakes and ponds

Availability of fresh wqter differes from place to place

In summers we face acute shortage of water

Especially in rural areas it is rampant

All reactions in all living organisms occur in water medium only

Even transportation and blood all are main composition is wter

So to stay alive water is very important

Terrestrial organisms need fresh water to survive

Because marine water has more salt which we cannot get rid of our body

More the availability of life form more will be the biodiversity in that area

Apart from water which decides life forem
Sunlight
Temeperature
Soil conditions
All decide life

Water pollution

All the pesticides and fertilizers mix with rain water and drain into nearby ponds and lakes

Even sewage is liberated into ponds and lakes

Industrial wastes are dumped and some industries also put how stuff into water to cool it

When water is released from dams cool water water from dams fall into river which is hot at surface

All this temperature fluctuations effect the marine and aquatic life

So this type of addition may effect some life forms and benefit other and thus balance between living forms will be lost

So the contributing factors for wqter pollution is

1.adding undesirable substance effect water
Like mercury enter from paper industries
Some bacteria many cause cholera

2.execsive growth of algae may deplete levels of oxygen causing biological oxygen demand

3.temeparture changes may effect karvas and eggs of organisms

Soil
Mineral riches in the soil

Soil decides the diversity if life in that area

Soil is a part of earths crust which also supplies variety of minerals to living things

From soil only we can take minerals not from rocks

How soil is formed
By weathering of rocks

Huge rocks break and make soil over a period of time

Breaking of rocks factors involved are
Sun
Water
Wind
Living organisms

Sun

Day time rocks expand due to heat
Nights they cool down due to cold
Due to continuation expansion and contraction
Uneven surface and uneven expansion and contraction
Results in cracks in huge rocks
Which eventually breaks up into smaller peices

Water
Wqter settles in between cracks
Freezes
On freezing all substance expand
So continuos contraction and expansion results in widening of cracks

Or

Water flowing causes abrasion
Some rocks break and flow with water
They in turn cause abrasion to another rocks
Which slowly helps in formation of soil

Wind
Wind also erodes rocks
Make them move
Cause abrasion
Resulting in further breaking
Even wind takes soil from from one place to other also like water

Living organisms
Living organisms also influence formation of soil
Lichens grow on rocks
Lichen is symbiotic association of algae and fungi
They release certain chemicals
Which make rocks to break
And form thin layer of soil
Now on small peices mosses will grow
Which breaks them further
Also some time roots of trees Penetrqte into rocks
And makes them to break

Compisition of soul

Soil consists of smaller peices of rock
Bits of decayed living organisms called humus
Microscopic life
Minerals

Type of soil is decided by size of soil particles
Quality if soil is decided by
amount of humus
And
Microscopic life

Humus is major factor in deciding
Soil structure
Because
It makes soil to become more porous
Allows water
Allows air to Pentwater deep

Factors on which plants depend

Minerals depend on rocks from which it is formed
Nutrient content of soil
Amount of humus
Depth of soil

Quality of top soil decides the biodiversity of that particular area

Modern farming techniques
Have resulted in
Excessive use of fertilizers
Pesticides
Insecticides
Which are destroying quality of soil
And killing microorganisms in soil

Microorganusms only recuse nutrients in soil
Earthworms also play major role

Soil pollution is caused
By death of microorganisms
Death of earth worms
Adding undesirable substances
Not following sustainable management
Depletion of desirable substances

Soil we are seeing today is created at some other place
Resulting in soil erosion
By flowing wqter
Overgrazong
Winds
Deforestation
Urbanization
Vegetative covering is important
In deciding soil erosion
Plants bind the soil

Water cycles

We learned earlier water evaporates

And then condenses to form rain

The whole process in which water evaporates
Form water vapor
Condenses to form rain
On the ground
Returning back
Is called as water cycle

We never see sea or ocean drying up

Its because of water cycle

Rain water won't return back so easily

Some of them percolate into ground

We may bring them up using tube well or bore

Other forms springs or glaciers

Some water is used by plants and animals

In different ways all the water again return back

Wtaer when returning brings so many minerals

Which will be used up eventually by marine organisms
Or enter into animals or humans when we drink

This is how complex is biogeochemical cycle water cycle is

Pls draw diagram given on text book
Always good diagram only shows
That u understood the subject

Nitrogen cycle

Nitorgen is present 78 %in atmosphere

Nitrogen also important constituent if many essential molecules like DNA rns vitamins mainly proteins
Alkaloid urea also

Nitrugen is very important but these organisms can't use them directly

Except few bacteria none of the organisms can use them directly

These bacteria are rhizobium bacteria which live in root nodules of legumes pulses plants

Other then this bacterial remaining all organisms get their nitrogen in different ways

During lightning and thunderstorms
Nitrogen in atmosphere reacts with oxygen and forms nitrogen dioxide

They react with water and fall on ground as acid rain
N2 + O2 gives N2O3 or N2O5
N2O3 or N2O5 with water forms HNO3 or HNO2
And fall on ground as acid rain

These rae then utilized by various life forms

Plants take nitrates or nitrites and convert them into amino acids

Amino acids form proteins

When animals eat these plants or animals which eat them
That amino acids enter into their bodies

Once this animal or plant dies the amino acids in them are converted back into nitrites or nitrates

Then different types of bacteria convert it back into elemental bacteria

Thus nitrogen enters back into atmosphere

So whole process can be easily studies as

Nitorgen fixation
Done by lighting and acid rain
Or symbiotic bacteria like
Rhizobium or azatobacter

Nitrification

Ammonia is coverted to nitrites or nitrates by nitrifying bacteria
Like
Nitrosomonas ,nitrococcus

Ammonifying bacteria

After plants and and animals die
Nitrites or nitrates are converted to ammonia by ammonifying bacteria
Eg.
Bacillus bacteria

Denitrification
Denitrifyring bacteria converts ammonia to nitrogen
Pseudomonas
Bacillus
And also some fungus also does this

Carbon cycle

Carbon is constituent of all organic matter on the earth

In diamonds graphite coal coke it is found in elemental form

In co2 co carbonates bicarbonate its in compound form

All life forms are based on proteins carbohydrates fats nucleic acids and vitamins

[ ] The endoskeletom and exoskeleton of many life forms also formed from caco3

Carbon is coming mainly from plants which are taking co2 in photosynthesis

Then co2 is concerted to carbohydrates

Then glucose is used for various other metabolic activities

Then glucose is used in respiration and in respiration oxygen is liberated into atmosphere

Then oxygen is used in respiration and co2 is liberated back into atmosphere

Co2 also comes from various methods like combustion.vehicles heating etc

Green house effect

Its same like heat is trapped in glass

Suppose u put ur car in hot sunny day .once you get into car it will be very hot.

Its because glass trap.

How it traps means
Light goes inside
Looses its velocity
Cannot come out
Trapped inside
So becomes hot

In the same way it co2 level in atmosphere increases it causes green house effect

Results in global warming

Some of the gree house gases are co2 and ch4 methane

Which if increases in atmosphere

Results in trapping of sunlight such effect is called green house effect

Oxygen cycle

After. Nitrogen

Oxygen is 21 % in atmosphere

In air oxygen is also int the form of co2 and on earth in various compounds its present

Elemental oxygen from atmosphere is taken in 3 cases
Combustion
Respiration
Nitrogen oxides formation

But oxygen returns only in the form of photosynthesis

Ozone layer

Oxugen is present as o2 in the atmosphere

Oxygen combines to form ozone during lighting and thunderstorms

Even though its poisonous gas

It prevents reaching of us rays to earth

But cfc chloro flouri carbon can deplete ozone layer

So avoiding using of cfcs are taken seriously

Because if ozone depletes it make up rays reach earth

Which is very dangerous

May cause skin cancer.crops cannot go and even dangerous for every life form

Cfcs are mainly released from aerosols.rocket fuels.sparays .perfumes.jet planes

All these usage are banned with declaration of UNEP in 1986

Which proposed immediate freezing of cfs all over the world

For the sake of mankind

our environment lessson 10th class case full notes

ENVIRONMENT

1.Ecosystem
Place where biotic and biotic components interact with each other is called ecosystem.

2.types of ecosystem
A.natural ecosystem
B.artificial ecosystem

3.natural ecosystem examples
Forests
Deserts
Mountains
Ocean
Big tree

4.artificial ecosystems---made by man
Examples
Crops feild
Aquarium
Zoo
Sanctuaries
Garden

5.food chain
Interdependence of various organisms in an ecosystem is called food chain
Examples of food chain

Grass land food chain
Grass- grasshoppeer-frog-snake-hawk

Forest food chain
Plants-deer-tiger

Aquatic food chain
Phyoplnaktons-zoopanktons-small fish-big fish

So many examples of food chains are given at the end of topics

6.levels of food chain
Producers
Herbivores
Omnivores
Carnivores

7.sun is primary energy producer in ecosystem
As whole world acquires energy directly or indirectly from sun only

8.decomposers are present at top
As they decay and decompose dead and decaying matter
Examples.bacteria and fungi

9.producers are so called
Example all plants
Because
1.they trap sunlight
2.prepare foood by photosynthesis
3.directly or indirectly all organisms depend on plants for energy
4.like example herbivore eat plants and get energy
5 others omnivores and carnivores eat herbivores and derive energy
6.so plants are called producers.

10.herbivores are called primary consumers
They directly depend on plants for energy
Other omnivores and carnivores depend on them for energy directly or indirectly

Example.deer,goat,giraffe,cow etc

11.omnivores are called secondary consumers
Omnivores eat both plants and animals
Eg.cockraoch,dog,cat etc

12.carnivores are called tertiary consumers
Ate those which eat only animals for energy directly
Eg.tiger lion,fox leapord

13.TROPIC LEVEL
The energy present at each level of food chain is called trophic level

14.food chain
is like pyramid shape always
With producers at bottom as they are more in number
And carnivores at top as they are least in number
On the whole food chain looks like pyramid

15.flow if energy in ecosystem is UNIDIRECTIONAL
Because
Energy moves from producers to carnivores
As energy is produced by producers
The energy from other food chains cannot be baught back
So flow of energy is unidirectional

16.food web
Interlinked food chains are called as food web
In ecosystem many organisms depend on many other organisms
So all organisms are interlinked in food chains
Such inter linked food chains is called food web

17.always remeber in food chain energy keeps decreasing from herbivores to carnivores at the rate of 10%

18.Ten percent law
Transfer of 10% energy at each level of food chain is called ten percent law

Means 90% organism will use for its metabolic activities
Whoever feeds that organism will only get 10% energy

Basing on this they are asking numericals also
Vvi
Example
1.if at plants level 10000j of energy is there how much will be at carnivores level
Plants 10000 j means
10%of it goes to herbivores
Herbivores 1000j
10%of it
Omnivores get 100j
10%of 100 j is 10j
Goes to
Carnivores will have 10 j

2.if 5j is at carnivores level how much energy at producer level
Carnivore 5 j means
Omnivores will have 50j
Herbivores will get 500j
Carnivores will get 5000j

3.if food chain is represented as
Grass-grasshopper-frog-snake-eagle
If at grass level 30000j is there
How much will be at eagle level

4.in the below food chain
In the given food chain, suppose the amount of energy at fourth trophic level is 5 kJ, what will be the energy available at the producer level?
Grass → Grasshopper → Frog → Snake → Hawk

5.if 2 j is available at carnivore level how much available at producer level

6.if 12345 j energy available at producer level how much energy available at carnivores level

19.bilogical magnification
Accumulation of harmful substance in food chain is called bio magnification.

In food chain
if any pollutant enters it keeps on accumulating in food chain

And
at producers levels it will be least and at carnivores level it will be highest
Because producers are many in number
Whereas
Carnivores are less in number

20.on the whole
Energy in food chain decreases
And
Pollutants level in food chain increases

21.ozone layer
Ozone layer main function is to obstruct
Ultra violet Ray's
Reaching earth

Sundays have various components of Ray's
Among them UV Ray's are very dangerous
If they reach earth

They can cause
Skin allergies
Cancers
Plants growth stops
So many other effects

But ozone layer getting depleted by
CFC s
Cfc means
Chloro flouro carbons
They can destroy and deplete ozone layer

Cfcs are liberated by
Aerosols
Rocket and jet engines
Refrgirants
Sprays

In 1986
UNEP
Conference
They came to conclusion that
CFC s should be freezed all over the world

After stopping usage of cfcs ozone layer formation took place
And now it is at convenient levels

UNEP
Means
United nations organisation

Ozone layer is formed
When oxygen molecule splits into oxygen atoms
Each oxygen atoms again combining with oxygen molecule

O2------- O + O

O + O2 --------- O3

22.methods of disposal of wastes
A.recyling and reuse
B.landfills
C.burning if wastes

23.Decomposers

Organisms which decay and decompose dead and decaying matter are called decomposers

Examples
Bacteria and fungi

They occupy highest position in food chain
They decay dead matter
If dead and decaying matter accumulates
They decay and liberate
Poisonous gases
Which are very toxic and dangerous
So decomposers
Cleans the environment

Environment definitions

Environment lesson only definitions

1.ecosysstem
Place where biotic and biotic factors interact with each other

2 food chain
Interdependabmnce if various organism with each other in ecosystem

3.food web
Interlinked food chains are called food web

5.trophic level
Energy present at each level of food chain is called trophic level

6.ten percent law
Transfer of 10% of energy at each level of food chain is called ten percent law

7.biomagnification or bioaccumulation
Accumulation of harmful substances in food chain is called bio magnification

8.decomposers
Organisms which decay and decompose dead and decaying organisms are called decomposers

9.producers
Plants are called producers as they produce energy by photosynthesis to entire ecosystem

10.herbivores 

Organisms which fees only on plants

Eg .cow,goat,deer,elephant

11.omnivores 

Orgnaisms which feed both on plants and animals are called omnivore

Eg.humans,cockraoch

is matter around us pure 9th cbse notes by aiimiit

Matter:

Anything that occupies space and has mass is called matter.

It exists in the form of five basic elements, the Panch tatva – air, earth, fire , sky and water.

For example: Chair, bed, river, mountain, dog, tree, building, et

Matter

Anything which has mass and occupies space is called matter. It may be solid, liquid or gas.

Types of Matter

It is of two types :

1. Pure Substance

2. Impure substance

1. Pure Substance: It may be defined as a material which contains only one kind of atoms or molecules.

Pure substances are again of two types

(a) Elements (b) Compounds

(a) Elements:

Pure substances which are made up of only one kind of atoms are known as elements.

They cannot be split up into two or more simpler substances by any of the usual chemical methods.

For example, Iron, gold, silver, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and sodium etc.

CBSE Class 9 Science, Is Matter Around Us Pure: Important Topics and Questions

Elements are further grouped into the following three categories:

(i) Metals, for example: Iron, copper, gold, sodium, silver, mercury, etc.

(ii) Non – metals, for example: Carbon, oxygen, sulphur, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, etc.

(iii) Metalloids : Boron, silicon, germanium, etc.

Properties of Metals:

These are lustrous (shine).

They conduct heat and electricity.

All metals are malleable and ductile.

They are sonorous.

 All metals are hard except sodium and potassium.

All metals are solids at room temperature except mercury which is a liquid.

Properties of Non-metals:

These are dull in appearance.

They are poor conductors of heat and electricity except diamond which is a good conductor of heat and graphite which is a good conductor of electricity.

They are neither malleable nor ductile.

They are generally soft except diamond which is the hardest natural substance known.

They may be solids, liquids or gases at room temperature.

Metalloids: The elements that have properties intermediate between those of metals and non-metals, are called metalloids.

(b) Compounds:

It is a form of matter formed by combining two or more elements in a definite ratio by mass.

It Can be decomposed into its constituent elements by suitable chemical methods

For example: Water (H2O), oxygen (O2), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), etc.

2. Impure Substance:  It  may be defined as a material which contains only one kind of atoms or molecules.

It is also named as mixture.

Mixtures:

A mixture is a material which contains two or more different kinds of particles (atoms or molecules) which do not react chemically but are physically mixed together in any proportion.

Types of mixture

It is of two types:

(a) Homogeneous mixture       (b) Heterogeneous mixture

S. No.

Differences between home and hetero

Homogeneous mixture

Heterogeneous mixture

1.

All the components of the mixture are uniformly mixed.

All the components of the mixture are not thoroughly mixed.

2.

No separation boundaries are visible.

Separation boundaries are visible.

3.

It consists of a single phase.

It consists of two or more phases.

4.

 Example: Sugar dissolved in water

 Example: Air, sand and common salt.

Difference between mixtures and compounds:

S. No.Differences between mixtures and compounds

Mixtures

Compounds

1.

Various elements just mix together to form a mixture and no new compound is formed.

Elements react to form new compounds.

2.

A mixture has a variable composition.

The compound has a fixed composition.

3.

A mixture shows the properties of its constituents.

Properties of a compound are  totally different from those of its constituents.

4.

They do not have a fixed melting point, boiling point, etc.

They have a fixed melting point, boiling point, etc.

5.

The constituents can be seperated easily by physical methods

The constituents can be separated only by chemical processes.

Solution:

A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. For example: Lemon water, sugar solution, soda water, etc.

Components of Solution:

(1) Solvent: The component of the solution that dissolves the

photosynthesis for 10th cbse

https://youtu.be/1T6LPhtl_zc

excretory system notes with video links by aiimiit

1.excretory system in human beings are as fallows
Pair of kidneys
Large intestine
Skin
Nose
Mouth
Ear
Eyes

2.coming to kidneys the parts of kidneys are
Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra

3.kidneys
Pair if kidneys are present
Kidneys are filled with millions of nephron
Nephron is structural and functional units of kidneys
Kidneys main functions are as fallows
A.Urine formation
And
B.Osmo regulation(maintainence of salt and water balance into the body)

4.NEPHRON
Structural and functional unit of kidneys is nephron
Nephron helps in urine formation

5.urine formation

Urine formation takes place in 3 stages
A.ultrafiltration
B.selective reabsorption
C.tubular secretion

A.ultrafiltration

Since blood flow under high pressure in arteioles
Some blood gets filtered into bowman's capsule
Because they unable to withstand high pressure
This filtration of blood into bowman's capsule under high pressure is called ultrafiltartion

B.selective reabsorption

Blood when passing through descending tubules,henlees loop,ascending tubules
All the blood which got filtered is reabsorbed back
Leaving behind all wastes like amino acids,urea,uric acid
All these wastes slowly gets settled in tubules

C.tubular secretion

All wastes gets settled in tubules
That is called tubular secretion

All tubules of all neprons slowly drain drop by drop into ureters

Through ureters it enter into bladder

When 250 to 300 ML of urine is accumulated in bladder

We get sensation to pass urine

Passing out of urine is called micturition

Formation of urine occurs in kidneys

photosynthesis notes for 1010th class by AIIMIIT

Photo=light
Synthesis=prepare

Process where plants use sunlight ,co2 and h20 to prepare glucose and liberate oxygen.

Raw materials needed for photosynthesis
Are
Co2
H20
Sunlight

Co2 + h20 •••••••> c6h12o6 + h2o + o2

Mains steps of photosynthesis are as fallows

1.plants trap sunlight
2.sunlight aplts water to protons ,oxygen gas and electrons(photolysis of water)
3.co2 is absorbed and converted to complex carbohydrates like glucose
4.glucose converted to starch and passed through poem to all parts of plant

Important points to be noted

oxygen during photosynthesis comes from h2o not co2 (remember)

Photosynthesis has mainly 2 steps

1.light reaction (occurs in sunlight)
2.dark reaction (occurs after sunlight
It does not mean in the dark)

1.light reaction

Plants trap sunlight
Chlorophyll a and b get excited
Liberates electrons
Electrons of chlor a passes through various electron acceptors
Like cytochrome,ferridoxin, etc
Due to energy difference ATP,NADP are prepared
Then that electron goes to chlo b and gets it to ground state
To get back chlo a to ground state
Water splits in presence of light
Into hydrogen ions,o2 gas ,and electrons
Electrons get back chlo a to ground state
O2 gas enters atmosphere
Hydrogen ions make NADP TO NADPH2
Now ATP and NADPH2 enters dark reaction

2.DARK REACTION

Co2 is absorbed by RUBP
(Ribulose 1 5 biphosphate)
PGA reacts with ATP and forms PGAL
PGAL reacts with NADPH2 to form glecreol dehyde 3 phosphate
After series of reaction
Glucose is formed
Converts to starch
Transported to all parts by phloem
It is called translocation

life process 10th cbse videos with notes in description by aiimiit

1.digestive system explanation video

https://youtu.be/TEhEAkH6dYE

2.easy method to draw digestive system

https://youtu.be/29nYBjTZZTQ

3.respiration in humans

https://youtu.be/I-yJtGOVgw0

4.circulatory system in humans

https://youtu.be/8M8nExdtdMY

5.easy method to draw heart

https://youtu.be/IWW39ds2eKk

6.easy methods to draw nephron

https://youtu.be/SE6VSI2Lozs

7.excretory system

https://youtu.be/noWoULdwYXI

8.cross section of leaf

https://youtu.be/5V1DTmbLt4E

9.opening and closing of stomata

https://youtu.be/1T6LPhtl_zc

10.Translocation

https://youtu.be/1T6LPhtl_zc

11.Ascent of SAP

https://youtu.be/mGTYeaiXgGg

12.Photosynthesis

https://youtu.be/yPMmWKoet_s

circulatory system notes with video link by aiimiit

Circulatory system notes

Circulatory system consists of
1.blood
2.blood vessels
3.heart

1.Blood
Blood is fluid connective tissue

Blood has many functions
Like

A.transportation of gases
B.giving immunity to body
C.tranport of digested food to all cells of body
D.transport of excretory material
E.temperatire regulation
F.transport of harmones
And so on

2.blood vessels

The 3 blood vessels are
arteries
Beins
And capillaries

Arteries

A.they carry oxygenated blood always
B.except pulmonary artery
C.they have thick walls to withstand pressure exerted by flowing blood
D.they dont have valves
As already blood is under high pressure
Wont flow back
E.they are deep seated

Vein

A.they carry deoxygenated blood
B.except pulmonary vein
C.they have thin walls
D.they have valves to prevent backward flow of blood
E.they are siperficial

Capillaries

A.they are single celled thickness
B.after artery enters into organs it divides into many capillaries
C.each capillary enters into each cell
D.then all capillaries after entering each cellsupplies blood
E.again all capillaries come out and form into vein
F.this division of capillaries and again joining is called PORTAL SYSTEM

HEART

1.heart is size of our fist
2.main pumping organ in our body
3.it has 4 chambers
4.upper chambers are called auricle or atrium(right and left atria)
5.lower chambers are called ventricles
(Right and left ventricles)
6.atria are separated by inter aurucular septum
7.ventricles are separated by inter ventricular septum
8.atria and ventricles are separated by auriculo ventricular septum
9.between right atrium and right ventricle TRICUSPID VALVE is present
10.between left atria and left ventricle BICUSPID OR MITRAL VALVE is present
11.valves allow unidirectional flow of blood and prevents back flow
12.aother valves are semi lunar valves present at junction off pulmonary artery and at junction of aorta
13.pace make is present in heart which initiates heart beat in right atrium and I called as SINO ATRIAL NODE(AV NODE,PRKINGEE FIBRES,BUNDLIE OF HIS)
all take up function of heart beat
14.Coronary artery is blood vessel which supplies blood to heart
15.ventricles have thick walls because
They have to pump blood with high pressure
16.the covering of heart is called PERICARDIUM
17.in between 3 layers of heart walls there is pericardial fluid is present acts as shocking absorber
18.since heart is sensitive structure it is protected by
Ribs ,sternum bones
19.heart neat is measured by stethoscope


PUMPING OF BLOOD

1.deoxygenated blood from upper parts enter heart through superior vena cavae into right atrium
2.at the same time
Oxygenated blood from lungs comes through pulmonary vein into left atrium
3.now both deoxygenated blood in right atrium and oxygenated blood in left atrium enters respective ventricles
4.now deoxygenated blood from right atrium enters into pulmonary artery
5.oxygenated blood enters aorta
6.aorta is big artery which supplies oxygenated blood to all parts of body
7.pulmonart artery is only artery which Carrie's deoxygenated blood to lungs
8.in lungs exchange of gases takes place
9.deoxgygenated blood becomes oxygenated blood
10.one contraction and one relaxation of heart is called heart beat
11.contarction of heart is called SYSTOLE
12.relaxation of heart is called
DIASTOLE
13.one systole and one DIASTOLE is called heart beat

BLOOD PRESSURE

1.the pressure exerted by blood on blood vessels is called blood pressure
2.norml blood pressure in humans is 120/80 mm of hg
3.blood pressure is measured by
SPHYGMOMANOMETRE
4.120 is called systolic blood pressure
Pressure during systole or contraction of heart
5 .80 is diastolic blood pressure or pressure exerted during DIASTOLE or during relaxation of heart
6.systolic pressure more than 150 is called high bp
7.systolic pressure less then 100 is called low bp
8.person suffering from high bp should reduce intake of salt

respiration notes with video link by aiimiit

Respiratory system

https://youtu.be/I-yJtGOVgw0

The different parts of respiratory system are
1.nasal cavity
2.pharynx
3.lartnx
4.trachea
5.bronchi
6.bronchiole
7.alveoli
8.lungs

1.nasal cavity

Space in the nose is called nasal cavity

Nasal cavity has

Hair and
Mucous membrane

Hair prevents dust particles entering when breathing air

Mucous membrane makes air warm
Because lungs cant bear cold air

2.pharnx

It is common passage for air and food

3.larynx

It is also called voice box

It has vocal chords

They vibrate to produce sound

Opening of larynx is called GLOTTIS

Covering of glottis is called EPIGLOTTIS

4.Trachea

Trachea is called wind pipe

Trachea is protected by C shaped cartilaginous rings
Which prevents collapse of trachea

5.Bronchi

Trachea divides into 2 bronchi

Each bronchi enters into each lung

Bronchi also have c shaped rings

6.Bronchioles

Each bronchi divides into several bronchioles

Each bronchioles enters into one alveoli

7.Lungs

Lungs are filled with millions of alveoli

The structural and functional units of lungs are alveoli

Covering of lungs is called pleura

Lungs rest on diaphragm

Since lungs are sensitive they are protected by
Sternum bone in front
Ribs bones on sides
Vertebral column in back

8.Alveolii

The structural and functional units of lungs are called alveoli

Alveoli helps in exchange of gases

They take oxygen from air we breathe
And gives to blood

Blood gives oxygen to all cells of body

In each cell food is oxidized by oxygen and liberated energy

Respiration is exothermic process where food is oxidized and liberates energy

Energy is liberated in the form of ATP

ATP means adenosine triphosphate

1 ATP releases 7.3 kcals/mole

9.Blood plays vital role in exchange of gases

Haemoglobin in bcoz takes oxygen as oxyhaemoglobin and gives to cells

But co2 formed is not naught back by hemoglobin

Instead co2 dissolves in blood and comes back to alveoli

10.Residual volume

Lungs always have residual volume of air

Which allows proper space and time for breathing

11.BREATHING

Breathing and respiration is not same

Breathing involves inspiration and expiration

Inspiration means

Lungs expand

Ribs come forward

Diaphragm becomes flat

Space in lung increases

Pressure decreases in lungs

Outside air rushes inside

Expiration means

Lungs contract

Rib come back

Diptagm becomes dome

Space in lungs decreases

Pressure increases in lungs

Inside air rushes outside

Better write this in tabular column if asked in exam

12.alveolii has some special characters suitable for respiration
They are
A.many in number to increase surface area of respiration
B.they have extensive blood capillary network for exchange of gases
C.they have thin and porous wall for exchange of gases
D.they are microscopic and many in number

13.respiration is of 2 types
aerobic and anaerobic

Aerobic occurs in presence of air

Aerobic release more energy 38 ATP

Aerobic has both glycolysis ,Krebs cycle and electron transport

Whereas

Anaerobic occurs in absence if air

It release only 2 atp

Only glycolysis is present

Eg.bacteria ,blue green algae, yeast, muscle cells etc

14.respiration is divided into 2 steps

Glycolysis

Krebs cycle

Electron transport system

14.differnet organisms respiratory organs are
A.insects trachea
B.earthworm skin
C.fishes gills
D.Frogs lungs,skin and buccal cavity
E.scorpion book gills

15..fishes respire vigorously
Because
They have to take dissolved oxygen present in the blood.
They dont have free oxygen in water

Digestive system notes and work sheet with video link by AIIMIIT

Video link of this notes

https://youtu.be/TEhEAkH6dYE

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM NOTES

1.parts of digestive system in humans are

Buccal cavity
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Stomach
Duodenum (liver and pancreas open here)
Small intestine
Large intestine
Rectum
Anus

2.Buccal cavity
Space inside mouth is called buccal cavity
A.consists of
tongue ,
teeth ,
salivary glands and
saliva
B.tongue
helps in swallowing,speech, and taste
Swallowing scientifically called deglutition
C.teeth
helps in mastication(chewing food)
D.salivary glands
They are 3 in number secret saliva
They are submaxillary
Sub mandibular
Parotid glands
E.saliva
Saliva has enzyme PTYALIN or salivary amylase
Salivary amylase converts cooked starch in food to maltose

Conclusion is digestion begins in buccal cavity itself with help of saliva

2.pharynx
It is common passage for both food and air and water

3.oesophagus
It shows PERISTALTIC MOVEMENTS
Which is rhythmatic contraction and relaxation of oesophagus
Which help food to pass in one direction only to stomach
Reverse peristalsis only occurs during vomiting which is under control of brain.

4.STOMACH

It is j shaped structure

Food is stored here for 3 to 4 hrs

Slowly released into duodenum

Stomach has many folds called RUGAE
they help in expansion and contraction of stomach according to food intake

Stomach has mucosal lining which prevents self digestion of stomach

The secretions of stomach are called as
GASTIRC JUICE

Gastric juice consists of HCL and enzymes

Two important functions of stomach are
It help in release of HCL and enzymes

Hcl functions are

A.kills microbes in food
B.activates enzyme pepsinogen to pepsin

And

other function of stomach is

Stomach has 3 important enzymes

Pepsin
Renin
Lipase.
Pepsin helps in digestion of proteins

Renin helps in digestion of milk protein

Lipase helps in digestion of fats

Two sphincter muscles are present
Cardiac sphincter
Pyloric sphincter

Sphincter muscles helps in
One way passage of food

4.DUODENUM

first part of small intestine is duodenum

Duodenum releases sodium and potassium ions

As they are metal ions
Metals are basic
Neutralise acidic food coming from stomach

Duodenum itself dont release any enzymes
But liver and pancreas ducts opens into duodenum

5.LIVER

2imp function of bile
A.neutralise acidic food
B.emulsification of fats

Liver us largest gland in body
Liver secretes BILE JUICE
Bile JUICE consists of
Bile salts and bile pigments

Bile salts are sodium and potassium glycocholates and tarchocholates which help in making food alkaline

Bile pigments are bilirubin and biliverdin.
Which are formed by break down of blood.

Liver secretes bile JUICE into gall bladder
Gall bladder concentrates bilejuice
By removing water in bile juice
And scrtes bile JUICE into duodenum
Through bile duct

6.pancreas
Pancreas is dual gland
Acts as both exocrine and endocrine glands
Endocrine because
It secretes harmones
Exocrine because
It release enzymes
Trypsin
Amylase
Lipase
Trypsin digest proteins
Amylase digest carbohydrates
Lipase digests fats

Pancreas release pancreatic juice
Through pancreatic duct
Into duodenum

7.illeum and jejunum

These are other 2 parts of small intestine
In small intestine complete digestion takes place

Digested food is absorbed by finger pike structures called VILLI

villi absorb digested food and gives it to blood

Blood gives digested food to all cells of the body

In each cell food is oxidized in mitochondria

Mitochondria is power house of cell

Mitochondria release energy ,co2 and water
Energy in the form of ATP

it is used in doing metabolic activities

8.caecum and appendix

First segment of large intestine is caecum

Rudimentary appendage called appendix is present at junction of caecum

Appendix is vestigial in humans

But useful in lower organisms for digesting cellulose present in grass

9.large intestine

Main function of large intestine is to absorb water from undigested food

10.rectum

All undigested and waste matter get settled in rectum

11.anus

Waste excreta is passed out through anus

Passing out waste is called DAFEACATION

12.this is how digestion takes place

Enzymes acts as bio catalysts which enhance speed of digestion

After digestion

Carbohydrates are converted to glucose

Fats are converted to fatty acids and glycerol

Proteins are converted to amino acids

Glucose is stored in body glycogen

Glycogen is also often called as ANIMAL STARCH

during starvation stored glycogen again gets converted to glucose and gives instant energy

chemistry 10th class lesson video links by AIIMIIT

1.chemical reactions

http://aiimiit.blogspot.com/2020/07/chemical-reactions-topics-video-list.html

2.acidss and bases

http://aiimiit.blogspot.com/2020/07/acids-and-bases-work-sheet-and-video.html

3.metals and non metals

http://aiimiit.blogspot.com/2020/07/metallurgy-topics-worksheet-and-videos.html

4.periodic classification

http://aiimiit.blogspot.com/2020/07/periodic-table-video-lists-and-work.html

5.carbon compounds

http://aiimiit.blogspot.com/2020/07/carbon-compounds-topics-list-and.html

heredity and evolution video links by aiimiit

1.heredity and variation

Why mendel selected pea plant

https://youtu.be/Gp_GCloohfM

2.monohybrid cross

https://youtu.be/VuDNQeKV258

3.dihybrid cross

https://youtu.be/lngK4GLOFvc

4.sex determination

https://youtu.be/6V0_E_9CYOw

5.acquired and inherited traits

https://youtu.be/EOgaWcKJvLE

6.speciation

https://youtu.be/3VZba_rFdQY

7.evolution and evidences of evolution

https://youtu.be/IvVK9fxVMjU

8.fossils

9.homologous and analogous organs

10.vestigial organs

11.evolution of wings eyes and cabbage

https://youtu.be/Gzr1xhxQydg

12.evolution not equated to progress

https://youtu.be/ceyf4PIc7x4

13.evolution of man

https://youtu.be/T6u-TnK3__Y

14.beetlees all 4 cases 

https://youtu.be/uZv_mszLYhs

15.molecular phylogeny

https://youtu.be/JwtakRiikbQ

16.evolution and classification

https://youtu.be/-DITdjLNOD0

17.origin of life on earth

https://youtu.be/QDA07LR4b9A

18.heredity and DNA copying

https://youtu.be/rXrRQgXiVIU

19.evolution full revision

https://youtu.be/rHhykBHz2s8

surface areas and volumes 9th cbse all exercises and examples with video links

1.13.1 exercise

https://youtu.be/lsIIoOfnDTI

2.13.2 exercise

https://youtu.be/Gp_GCloohfM

3.13.3 exercise

https://youtu.be/60lveZ4wLCI

4.13.4 exercise

https://youtu.be/cjvroW87jBE

5.13.5 exercise

https://youtu.be/3xCcMDuBqI0

6.13.6

https://youtu.be/23gZuNUT8Nk

7.13.7

https://youtu.be/yELJwP0jbYc

8.13.8

https://youtu.be/23gZuNUT8Nk

triangles theorems , exercise and examples 10th cbse ncert maths text book videos

1.BPT

https://youtu.be/23gZuNUT8Nk

2.converse of bpt 

https://youtu.be/VV-6J7k5Vrk

3.6.2 exercise  1 to 5 sums

https://youtu.be/cSSu1I1hMbM

4.6.2 exercise 6 to 10 sums

https://youtu.be/O13hnSke7NQ

5.AAA similarity

https://youtu.be/HCZ5-xDGS6M

6.SSS 

https://youtu.be/gFg_NnTrohs

7.SAS similarity

https://youtu.be/FARH9-KXdSI

8.6.3 2 to 5 sums

https://youtu.be/KG_nC4NGx5U

9.6.3 6 to 10 sums

https://youtu.be/DvBDVVi4Vr8

10.6.3 exercise 11 to 16 sums

https://youtu.be/WMIA6vtgkuY

11.6.3 exercise only 14th sum

https://youtu.be/n1KfsVRLgaI

12.6.4 exercise

https://youtu.be/2ToHbn6TTx0

13.areas theorem

https://youtu.be/zCAAGVN_hOk

14.pythagarus theorem

https://youtu.be/JGZwWigWnc4

15.converse of pythagarus theorem

https://youtu.be/AIuE00Q0lpQ

16.6.5 exercise 9 to 12 sums

https://youtu.be/31OhczmqRNI

17.triangles 6.5 exercise 6,7,8,16,17 sums

https://youtu.be/NzHpdTZgcJQ

18.6.5 exercise 14,15,16th sums

https://youtu.be/DoIODtA_AGc

19.triangles 6.6 exercise 1,9 ,7 and 8 sums

Optional exercise

https://youtu.be/fNK0unFko3w

15 triangles optional exercise 6.6 2 and 10th sums

https://youtu.be/zoBaXcI_4Ps

quadratic equations 10th cbse speed sums verbal with video link for explanation by aiimiit

test no 30 Results 10results10th 9th 8th classof weekly tests in excel sheet

 Todays results test no 8

Dated 25/4/2021

Yashika  88

Nikita 75

Jithin 73

Narayana absent  

Todays test no 9 result Dated 24/4/2021

Raghuram 95

Kritika 90

Nihal 85

Trivikram 74

Pravalika 64

Suhas 53

Sujith 24

 Test no 7 2021 8th clas result 

     Test no 7 results 

Jithin 100

Yashika 91

Narayana 80

Nikita 75

Test no 7 results 9th class 

Raghuram 99

Kritika 94

Pravalika 90

Suhas 85

Nihal 80

Trivikram 74

Sujith46

Raghuram absent

Very good performance by everyone

Keep it up

                

Test no 31   

8th class 

Pravallika 100

Meghasree 100

Vedhanth 100 

Hrishkesh 98

Raghuram 96

Nandika submit again

Sujith work hard

Teat no 31 9th class nov 8th 2020

Nandika 84

Vikram 92

Yeshashwi 82

Shanmukh 76

Srihitha 72

Tekshika 70

Rugved 66

Neeraj 64

Vivek 56

Tanmayi 50

Lahari 44

Hansika absent

Test no 30 results sunday night 1st

8th class

Meghana 100

Nandika 80

Raghuram 64

Harsha 54

Pravallika 50

Sujith must work hard

Hrishkesh

9th class

Tekshika 100

Yashaswi 94

Nandika 90

Tanmayee 80

Vivek 80

Vikram 80

Hansika 80

Pardhu 74

Neeraj 70

Lahari 60

Shanmukh 34

Cyclic 1 science 2nd batch Mark's

Science cyclic 1 results for 80 marks

Satwik 68

Sahithi 54

Shanthan 55

Yatin 54

Manogna 54

Samhitha 48

Eshan 44

Varshith 38

Khasish 37

Sameera 35

Vaishnavi 30

Lalithya 25

Nithin 24

Kireeti 23

Jyotsna 21

Riddhi ab

Chethan ab

Anvitha ab

10th class only 24th test results 

G.satwika 100

Rakesh 96

Rohan 96

Hasith 94

Kireti sanghamithra 94

Charan 94

Bhavika 90

Manogna 90

Nithin 90

Pranathi 88

Dhoneshwar 86

Mohana 82

Harsh 82

Tanush 80

Karthik 76

Prerani 74

Satwik 72

Saketh 70

Riddhi 68

Sahithi 69

Anvitha 66

Vaishnavi 66

Samhitha 64

Mohan karthi 64

Shailee 64

Swetha 62

Satya 54

Kirreti 54

Sowmika 54

Viswa 52

Sanvi 48

Yatin 48

Lalithya 46

Suryakala 46

Varshith 40

Jyotsna 36

Prabhath 36

Navaneeth 26

Eshan 16

Ashrith ab

Sameera ab

Khasish ab

M sathwika ab

Satya ab 

Shanthan ab

Sanjal ab

Akshaya ab

Bhanu wrong submission

8th clas test no 24 result 

Vedhanth 90

Meghasree 90

Raghuram 90

Ashrith 88

Pravalika 86

Hrishkesh 86

Nanditha 72

Harsha 68

Sujith ab

Anum ab

Hansika ab

9th class 24 th result

Nandika 100

Parledhu 88

Srihitha 86

Vivek 82

Vikram 76

Yashaswi 72

Neeraj 68

Tanmaye 66

Sarayu 46

Kruthi 46

Teskshika 40

Hansika 32

Rama 30

Navaneeth work hard

Lahari ab

9th class 21 and 22nd test  class

Tanmaye 100 and 62

Srihitha 82 and 80

Rama 66 and 30

Shanmukh 88 and 100

Pravalika 88 and 30

Sruthi 74 and 80

Neeraj 68 and 90

Navaneeth 46 and 40 

Rugged 66 and 100

Vikram 60 and 70

Nandika 100 and 100

Hansika 56 and 90

Vivek 100  and 100

Teskshika 26 and 60

Sarayu ab and 80

Yashaswi ab and 100

8th class

21 and 22 tests Mark's both 

Hrishkesh 80 and 82

Raghuram 84 and 100

Nandika 64 and 96

Meghana 84 and 90

Harsha 44 and 76

Vedhanth 96 and 100

Ashrith 54 and 78

Pravalika88and 30

Hansika ab  and 70

Sujith ab and 40

Anum ab and ab

10th class 20th test results

Sowmika 100

Shaile 100

Ashritha 100

Greshma 100

Sahithi 98

Swetha 96

Swetha 96

G satwika 96

Tanush 96

Bhavika 96

Rohan 96

Prerani 96

Samhitha 96

Pranathi 96

Yatin 94

Mohan karthik 94

Charan 90

Manogna 90

Riddhi 90

Anvitha 86

Karthik 86

Kireti sanghamithra 92

Bhanu 88

Kahasisih 88

Sameera 88

Prabhath 88

Saketh 88

M sthavika 86

Kireti Kennedy 84

Vaishnavi 80

Lalithya 80

Mohana 78

Satwik 76

Chethan 68

Satya 66

Srideep 64

Nithin 58

Jyotsna 44

Varshith 38

9th class result

Rugged 100

Srihitha 100

Vivek 100

Nandika 100

Rama 100

Neeraj 88

Tekshika 72

Shanmukh 70

Vikram 70

Tanmayee 70

8th class 20th test result

Vedhanth 100

Meghasre 90

Raghuram 90

Pravallika 90

Nandika 86

Hrishkesh 86

Harsha 78

Ashritha 68

Sujith 54

8th class test no 19 results

9th class testino 19

10th result 18th test

8th class result